Large Language Models for Sustainable Assessment and Feedback in Higher Education: Towards a Pedagogical and Technological Framework

Nowadays, there is growing attention on enhancing the quality of teaching, learning and assessment processes. As a recent EU Report underlines, the assessment and feedback area remains a problematic issue regarding educational professionals' training and adopting new practices. In fact, traditional summative assessment practices are predominantly used in European countries, against the recommendations of the Bologna Process guidelines that promote the implementation of alternative assessment practices that seem crucial in order to engage and provide lifelong learning skills for students, also with the use of technology. Looking at the literature, a series of sustainability problems arise when these requests meet real-world teaching, particularly when academic instructors face the assessment of extensive classes. With the fast advancement in Large Language Models (LLMs) and their increasing availability, affordability and capability, part of the solution to these problems might be at hand. In fact, LLMs can process large amounts of text, summarise and give feedback about it following predetermined criteria. The insights of that analysis can be used both for giving feedback to the student and helping the instructor assess the text. With the proper pedagogical and technological framework, LLMs can disengage instructors from some of the time-related sustainability issues and so from the only choice of the multiple-choice test and similar. For this reason, as a first step, we are proposing a starting point for such a framework to a panel of experts following the Delphi methodology and reporting the results.