The interaction of central and peripheral processes in typing and handwriting: A direct comparison

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between linguistic and peripheral-motor processes in written production. Past research has focused on this topic by analyzing how handwriting and, more recently, typing execution were influenced by lexical and sublexical variables. We took a step further in this study by directly comparing handwriting and typing, examining if different motor executions allow for different flows of linguistic processing. Participants typed and handwrote a set of Italian stimuli in which we manipulated lexicality (words vs. pseudowords), orthographic complexity (stimuli with vs. without multiletter graphemes), and length (short vs. long stimuli). We measured and analyzed latency (response times [RTs]), the difference between RTs and the acoustic duration (AD) of the stimuli (RT–AD), mean length of interletter intervals (ILIs), and whole response duration (WRD). We further explored the effects of the position of the orthographic complexity on RTs, RT–AD, ILIs, and WRD. Results suggested a cascaded, continuous processing flow for handwriting and a mixed mechanism involving both serial and parallel modes of processing for typing. The differences in linguistic processing during handwriting and typing suggest different mechanisms in segmenting, maintaining, and retrieving the orthographic representation during motor execution.

Public Significance Statement This study suggests that handwriting and typing allow for different processing of linguistic information during their execution. Linguistic information, such as length, orthographic complexity, and lexicality, affect handwriting movements. During typing, the length of the stimulus has a strong influence, while most of the lexicality and orthographic complexity processing is moved up at the beginning of the stimulus execution (before typing starts and during first key presses). The differences in linguistic processing during handwriting and typing production suggest differences in preparing and maintaining in memory the to-be-written sequence.This study aimed to investigate the interaction between linguistic and peripheral-motor processes in written production. Past research has focused on this topic by analyzing how handwriting and, more recently, typing execution were influenced by lexical and sublexical variables. We took a step further in this study by ...