Differential Evolution as applied to electromagnetics

In electromagnetics, optimization problems generally require high computational resources and involve a large number of unknowns. They are usually characterized by non-convex functionals and continuous spaces suitable for strategies based on Differential Evolution (DE). In such a framework, this paper is aimed at presenting an overview of Differential Evolution-based approaches used in electromagnetics, pointing out novelties and customizations with respect to other fields of application. Starting from a general description of the evolutionary mechanism of Differential Evolution, Differential Evolution-based techniques for electromagnetic optimization 'are presented. Some hints on the convergence properties and the sensitivity to control parameters are also given. Finally, a comprehensive coverage of different Differential Evolution formulations in solving optimization problems in the area of computational electromagnetics is presented, focusing on antenna synthesis and inverse scattering.