Association among metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and survival in prostate cancer

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and inflammation (INF) alterations are among the factors involved in cancer progression. The study aimed to assess the relationship between MS and INF and its effect on progression-free/overall survival (PFS/OS) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treaed with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Methods: We, retrospectively, evaluated patients with mCRPC in 7 Italian Institutes between March 2011 and October 2016. MS was defined by modified adult treatment panel-III criteria. INF was characterized by at least one of these criteria: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio ≥ 3, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein. Results: Eighty-three of 551 (15.1%) patients met MS criteria at baseline and 34 (6.2%) during treatment. MS patients (MSþ) presented a greater INF profile compared to MS− (P o 0.0001). Median PFS was 3.7 for MSþ vs. 8.7 months for MS− (hazard ratio [HR] ¼ 2.77; 95% CI: 2.12–3.61; P o 0.0001). Median OS was 6.9 and 19 months in MSþ and MS−, respectively (HR ¼ 3.43; 95% CI: 2.56–4.58; P o 0.0001). We also demonstrated INF led to shorter PFS and OS (4.5 vs. 8.5 months, HR ¼ 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15–1.90, P ¼ 0.002, and 11.2 vs. 18.8 months, HR ¼ 1.66, 95% CI: 1.26–2.18, P ¼ 0.0003, respectively). The combination of MS with INF provided the identification of high-risk prognostic group (MSþ/INFþ vs. MS−/INF−) with worse PFS (3.7 vs. 9 months, HR ¼ 2.7, 95% CI: 1.88–3.89, P o 0.0001) and OS (6.3 vs. 20.4 months, HR ¼ 4.04, 95% CI: 2.75–5.93, P o 0.0001). Multivariable analysis confirmed that MS was independently associated with PFS (HR ¼ 2.07; 95% CI: 1.03–4.18; P ¼ 0.041) and OS (HR ¼ 4.87; 95% CI: 2.36–10.03; P o 0.0001). The absence of INF as an independent predictor of survival underlined the correlation between MS/INF. Conclusions: Pretreatment identification of MS and INF alterations might represent an available and easy tool for better prognostication of patients with mCRPC. A prospective evaluation is warranted. r 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.