Field Effects on Surface and Interface Properties of Functional Ceramics

The development of advanced ceramics for energy storage and conversion requires process strategies that both are sustainable and enhance the functional performance of the ceramics through a defect-driven approach. Herein, we explore how external stimuli, particularly electric fields, can be used to manipulate ceramic materials at the atomic and nanoscale levels. Electric fields influence point-defect equilibria, affecting ion mobility, surface gas exchange, grain growth, and even phase transitions such as metal exsolution. We review how these mechanisms impact surfaces, grain boundaries, and functional properties relevant to catalysis and energy storage. Emphasis is placed on field-assisted sintering methods and others, highlighting their effect on grain boundary chemistry and structure. Additionally, we discuss emerging strategies involving nonelectric fields, such as UV light, microwaves, and magnetic fields, and their nonthermal effects on defect chemistry.