A Survey of Sample-Efficient Deep Learning for Change Detection in Remote Sensing: Tasks, strategies, and challenges

In the last decade, the rapid development of deep learning (DL) has made it possible to perform automatic, accurate, and robust change detection (CD) on large volumes of remote sensing images (RSIs). However, despite advances in CD methods, their practical application in real-world contexts remains limited because of diverse input data and the applicational context. For example, the collected RSIs can be time-series observations, and more informative results are required to indicate the time of change or the specific change category. Moreover, training a deep neural network (DNN) requires a massive amount of training samples, and in many cases these samples are difficult to collect. To address these challenges, various specific CD methods have been developed considering different application scenarios and training resources. Additionally, recent advancements in image generation, self-supervision, and visual foundation models (VFMs) have opened up new approaches to address the "data-hungry" issue of DL-based CD. The development of these methods in broader application scenarios requires further investigation and discussion. Therefore, this article summarizes the literature methods for different CD tasks and the available strategies and techniques to train and deploy DL-based CD methods in sample-limited scenarios. We expect this survey to be able to provide new insights and inspiration for researchers in this field to develop more effective CD methods that can be applied in a wider range of contexts.