RANKL Expression Is Increased in Circulating Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Calcific Aortic Stenosis

We aimed to investigate whether the expression of the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and circulating levels of markers of ectopic mineralization (OPG, FGF-23, PPi) are modified in patients with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We found that patients affected by CAVD (n = 50) had significantly higher circulating levels of OPG as compared to control individuals (p = 0.003). No differences between the two groups were found in FGF-23 and PPi levels. RANKL expression was higher in the PBMC from CAVD patients (p = 0.018) and was directly correlated with the amount of valve calcification (p = 0.032). In vitro studies showed that treatment of valve interstitial cells (VIC) with RANKL plus phosphate was followed by increase in matrix mineralization (p = 0.001). In conclusion, RANKL expression is increased in PBMC of patients with CAVD, is directly correlated with the degree of valve calcification, and promotes pro-calcific differentiation of VIC.