Decoding the interplay of mold temperature and catalysts concentration on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of anionic polyamide 6: a combined experimental and statistical approach

Anionic polyamide 6 (aPA6), synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam, has emerged as a promising matrix for high-performance thermoplastic composites, offering advantages over conventional thermoplastics and thermosets. However, optimizing the microstructure and mechanical properties of aPA6 requires a comprehensive understanding of how processing conditions influence polymerization kinetics and resulting material characteristics. This work systematically investigates the interplay between two critical processing parameters, i.e., the mold temperature and catalysts concentration, on the microstructural and thermomechanical properties of aPA6, via a combined experimental and statistical approach. Increasing the mold temperature from 145 ◦C to 175 ◦C and the catalysts concentration led to a reduction in crystallinity, due to the promotion of polymerization over crystallization. Higher temperatures and concentrations also slightly anticipated thermal degradation onset from 388 ◦C to 327 ◦C. The elastic modulus decreased from 3.4 GPa to 2.7 GPa as temperature increased, primarily governed by the diminishing crystallinity. Similarly, the ultimate tensile strength declined from 80 MPa to 68 MPa with rising temperature. Interestingly, the strain at break exhibited a complex dependence, peaking at 48 % for an intermediate temperature of 165 ◦C and lower catalysts concentration, suggesting an optimal balance of crystallinity, branching, and high molecular weight. Statistical empirical models captured these relationships, enabling prediction and tailoring of aPA6 properties by tuning processing conditions. These insights pave the way for optimized manufacturing of high-performance aPA6 composites via techniques like thermoplastic resin transfer molding and expand potential applications to thermally sensitive reinforcements like natural fibers.