Modern GPUs radiation sensitivity evaluation and mitigation through duplication with comparison

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are increasingly common in both safety-critical and high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Some current supercomputers are composed of thousands of GPUs so the probability of device corruption becomes very high. Moreover, the GPU's parallel capabilities are very attractive for the automotive and aerospace markets, where reliability is a serious concern. In this paper, the neutron sensitivity of the modern GPU caches, and internal resources are experimentally evaluated. Various Duplication With Comparison strategies to reduce GPU radiation sensitivity are then presented and validated through radiation experiments. Threads should be carefully duplicated to avoid undesired errors on shared resources and to avoid the exacerbation of errors in critical resources such as the scheduler.