The Nature and Structure of Mothers' Parenting their Infants

OBJECTIVE. To test three competing models of the nature and structure of maternal parenting practices with infants in U.S. national and multiple international samples. The three models were a one-factor dimensional model, a multi-factor style model, and a hybrid two-factor/six-domain model. Undertaking this evaluation of parenting with national and international samples permits a wide yet judicious analysis of culture-common versus culture-specific models of maternal parenting practices with young infants. DESIGN. Basic caregiving practices of primiparous mothers with their 5-month-old infants during naturalistic interactions at home in nine different cultures were videorecorded, microcoded, and analyzed. Individual practices were organized into nurture, physical, social, didactic, material, and language domains. RESULTS. In Study 1 using a U.S. sample (N = 360), analyses of the structure of mothers' parenting practices yielded a best-fitting two-factor/six-domain structure. In Study 2, using a 9-nation sample (N = 653), the two-factor/six-domain structure was largely replicated and partial metric invariance achieved. CONCLUSIONS. Mothers' parenting in the middle of the first year of their infant's life is commonly structured and adapted to the universal needs and developmental tasks of infants' surviving and thriving.