Grey workers in the European Union: Precariousness among economically dependent solo self-employed

Purpose This explorative study aims to investigate work precariousness (WP) among EU27-based economically dependent solo self-employed, i.e. those with no employees and usually relying on just one client. Design/methodology/approach Univariate and multivariate analyses of European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) (2015) and Eurostat data. Findings The analyses yielded Disempowerment, intended as lack of job autonomy and money-induced Vulnerability as the dimensions of WP. Disempowerment was found positively influenced by workers' threat of losing the job and negatively by the enjoyment from being their own boss. Vulnerability was negatively influenced by workers' age, perceived easiness to find new customers, household's financial well-being as well as the country's employment rate. Originality/value The study represents pioneer exploration of the phenomenon's dimensionality and main determinants.