Context-specific distractors rejection: contextual cues control long-term habituation of attentional capture by abrupt onsets

The possibility to counteract visual distraction is fundamental for an efficient interaction with the environment, particularly when a salient but irrelevant stimulation repeatedly impinges our visual system. Previous studies have shown that such unwanted attentional capture is subject to habituation, a widespread form of behavioural plasticity that allows rejecting the unwanted stimulation. Although habituation is generally considered to be a non-associative form of learning, here we directly tested the possibility that habituation of attentional capture triggered by a salient onset is context specific. In two experiments we showed that distractor filtering achieved via habituation was specific for the visual context (naturalistic or geometric) in which the distractor was presented. When the same distractor presented during the training phase appeared in a new context in the test phase, a recovery of the previously habituated capture was observed. By contrast, no recovery of capture was found when the background did not change. Habituation mechanisms provide a straightforward explanation for our findings, which show that distractor filtering is achieved by taking into account the spatial context in which the distracting stimulus is encountered.