Emotion rendering in plantar vibro-tactile simulations of imagined walking styles

This paper investigates the production and identification of emotional states of a walker using plantar vibro-tactile simulations. In a first experiment, participants were asked to render, according to imagined walking scenarios, five emotions (aggressive, happy, neutral, sad, and tender) by manipulating the parameters of synthetic footstep vibrations simulating various combinations of surface materials and shoes. Results allowed to identify, for the involved emotions and vibration conditions, the mean values and ranges of variation of two parameters, vibration amplitude and temporal distance between consecutive steps. Results were in accordance with those reported in previous studies on real walking, suggesting that the plantar vibro-tactile expression of emotions in walking is independent of the real or imagined motor activity. In a second experiment, participants were asked to identify the emotions portrayed by walking vibrations synthesized by setting the synthesis engine parameters to the mean values found in the first experiment. Results showed that the involved algorithms were successful in conveying the emotional information at a level comparable with previous studies. Results of both experiments revealed strong similarities with those of an analogous study on footstep sounds suggesting that emotionally expressive walking styles are consistently produced and recognized at auditory and plantar vibro-tactile level.