The neural bases of anger

Anger is an intense emotional state of discomfort and hostility caused by perceived provocation, hurt, or threat. On one hand, anger helps us to reach our goals, overcome obstacles, and define boundaries; on the other hand, excessive externalization and internalization of anger and poor regulation abilities can lead to interpersonal problems and mental health issues. Therefore, it is crucial to advance our understanding of this emotion. This chapter focuses on the neural underpinnings of anger adopting a network perspective to cover several aspects of this complex emotion: from the perception of anger in others to the inner experience of anger, from its regulation to its conceptualization. Individual differences in trait anger, anger control, anger externalization and internalization, but also approach or withdrawal motives are also considered. By reviewing the existing experimental literature, the neural bases of every anger facet are discussed. Last but not least, the possibility of defining a “core” neural area subserving the different aspects of anger is discussed. The relevance of separating the several aspects of anger goes beyond a mere theoretical scope and has relevant translational implications. A roadmap of anger subcomponents can guide clinical research to help individuals suffering from specific anger-related issues. These implications are discussed for every anger component considered.