La rivisitazione contemporanea degli 'Israele messianici' nel pensiero di David Hartman fra realismo halakhico e utopia

The aim of this paper is to investigate how two different paradigms of the 'messianic Israel ideal' are discussed, associated with traditional sources and portrayed in Hartman's works: on the one hand the apocalyptic or messianic paradigm (Nachmanides, Halevi), on the other the realist or minimalistic paradigm (Maimonides and masters of the Talmud). I argue that Hartman is trying to promote a mixed 'new' paradigm of the messianic Israel to be identified with the conditions of realization of the State of Israel. Eventually, I try to connect Hartman's messianic minimalism and 'halakhic hope' to pragmatical concept of 'concrete utopia' coined by the marxist Ernst Bloch.