On the observation of the cosmic ray anisotropy below 1015 eV

The measurement of the anisotropy in the arrival direction of cosmic rays is complementary to the study of their energy spectrum and chemical composition to understand their origin and propagation. It is also a tool to probe the structure of the magnetic fields through which cosmic rays travel. As cosmic rays are mostly charged nuclei, their trajectories are deflected by the action of galactic magnetic field they propagate through before reaching the Earth atmosphere, so that their detection carries directional information only up to distances as large as their gyro-radius. If cosmic rays below 1015 eV are considered and the local galactic magnetic field (~ 3 μG) is accounted for, gyro-radii are so short that isotropy is expected. At most, a weak di-polar distribution may exist, reflecting the contribution of the closest CR sources. However, a number of experiments observed an energy-dependent “large scale” anisotropy in the sidereal time frame with an amplitude of about 10−4 – 10−3, revealing the existence of two distinct broad regions: an excess distributed around 40° to 90° in Right Ascension (commonly referred to as “tail.in” excess) and a deficit (the “loss cone”) around 150° to 240° in Right Ascension. In recent years the Milagro and ARGO-YBJ collaborations reported the of a “medium” scale anisotropy inside the tail-in region. The observation of such small features has been recently claimed by the Icecube experiment also in the Southern hemisphere. So far, no theory of cosmic rays in the Galaxy exists which is able to explain the origin of these different anisotropies leaving the standard model of cosmic rays and that of the galactic magnetic field unchanged at the same time. Although observations of the CR anisotropywere reported up to 1020 eV, thiswork is focused on the energy range below 1015 eV, where the counting rates of the detectors are high enough and the evidence for the anisotropy well established.