PSO-Driven Synthesis of Realistic Time Modulated Arrays with Optimal Instantaneous Directivity through a System-By-Design Implementation

The synthesis of time-modulated arrays (TMAs) showing optimal instantaneous directivity is addressed through the System-by-Design (SbD) framework. The developed methodology enables a significant reduction of the overall time cost of the design procedure even if a realistic modeling of the radiating elements and of the beamforming network is fully taken into account during the optimization process. A preliminary numerical benchmark is presented in order to verify the potentialities of the SbD in achieving a comparable solution “quality” with respect to standard approaches together with a significant reduction of the overall computational times.