Satellite cells, myoblasts and other occasional myogenic progenitors: possible origin, phenotypic features and role in muscle regeneration

In the vertebrate embryo, skeletal muscle originates from somites and is formed in discrete steps by different classes of progenitor cells. After myotome formation, embryonic myoblasts give rise to primary fibers in the embryo, while fetal myoblasts give rise to secondary fibers, initially smaller and surrounding primary fibers. Satellite cells appear underneath the newly formed basal lamina that develops around each fiber, and contribute to post-natal growth and regeneration of muscle fibers. Recently, different types of non somitic stem-progenitor cells have been shown to contribute to muscle regeneration. The origin of these different cell types and their possible lineage relationships with other myogenic cells as well as their possible role in muscle regeneration will be discussed. Finally, possible use of different myogenic cells in experimental protocols of cell therapy will be briefly outlined.